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	<title>编译点滴 &#187; 后端</title>
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		<title>Intel Sandy Bridge怎么给力</title>
		<link>http://www.lingcc.com/2011/01/25/11531/</link>
		<comments>http://www.lingcc.com/2011/01/25/11531/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Tue, 25 Jan 2011 13:04:57 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>erlv</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[CPU]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[X86]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[intel]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[sandy bridge]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[后端]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.lingcc.com/?p=11531</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[CES展可谓如火如荼。各大厂商纷纷上台。先是出了Intel的Sandy Bridge， AMD Fusion的一系列终端产品，笔记本电脑、台式机、平板。然后MS坐不住了，说windows支持ARM了。NVIDIA也没闲着，说要进军ARM处理器。b Sandy Bridge是Intel在此次CES上的重拳。各大评测也接踵而至。什么图形计算给力，什么视频编解码牛逼等等。这篇文章，《编译点滴》就来学习一下Sandy Bridge的新特性。 Table of Contents 1 Sandy Bridge的新特性 1.1 CPU功能集成方面 1.1.1 集成图形处理单元 1.1.2 采用 环总线结构 1.2 性能方面 1.2.1 新增微操作解码Cache 1.2.2 重新设计了分支预测器 1.2.3 新的AVX向量指令集。 1.3 功耗方面 1.3.1 下一代Turbo Boost技术 2 分析 1 Sandy Bridge的新特性1 如下图所示，为Intel Sandy Bridge的版图概览，从中可以看到Sandy Bridge的新特性，下面简单归类，一一道来。 1.1 CPU功能集成方面 CPU芯片集成北桥功能。北桥的功能主要有：主存控制器、图像控制器和PCI Express控制器。重新设计了DDR3双通道内存控制器，支持DDR3-1333 1.1.1 集成图形处理单元 也就是一个芯片里，除了控制功能复杂的核，还继承了控制功能简单，计算功能强大的GPU。上图 的“Display”和”Graphics”就是。基本上一个处理2D、一个处理3D.比较牛的一点是，它们和CPU核心共享最后一级cache。这样编程使用GPU的时候，就不用向CUDA那样把数据搬来搬去了。而且cache命中的话，直接不用访存。只是还不能把图形处理单元做的很强。 1.1.2 采用 环总线结构2 说白了，用环实现CPU内部部件间通信。使用环通信的是CPU的每个core，最后一级cache，集成内存控制器、PCI Express控制器、图形控制器等。上图给出了环总线的连接和通信方式。值得注意的是虽然最后一级cache有四个，但这四个cache和四个core并不是一一对应的，而是多对多的关系。 <a href='http://www.lingcc.com/2011/01/25/11531/'>[...]</a><table class="wumii-related-items" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" border="0" width="100%" style="clear: both;">
    
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			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>CES展可谓如火如荼。各大厂商纷纷上台。先是出了Intel的Sandy Bridge， AMD Fusion的一系列终端产品，笔记本电脑、台式机、平板。然后MS坐不住了，说windows支持ARM了。NVIDIA也没闲着，说要进军ARM处理器。b</p>
<p>Sandy Bridge是Intel在此次CES上的重拳。各大评测也接踵而至。什么图形计算给力，什么视频编解码牛逼等等。这篇文章，《编译点滴》就来学习一下Sandy Bridge的新特性。<span id="more-11531"></span></p>
<div id="table-of-contents">
<h2>Table of Contents</h2>
<div id="text-table-of-contents">
<ul>
<li><a href="#sec-1">1 Sandy Bridge的新特性 </a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#sec-1_1">1.1 CPU功能集成方面 </a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#sec-1_1_1">1.1.1 集成图形处理单元 </a></li>
<li><a href="#sec-1_1_2">1.1.2 采用 环总线结构 </a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#sec-1_2">1.2 性能方面 </a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#sec-1_2_1">1.2.1 新增微操作解码Cache </a></li>
<li><a href="#sec-1_2_2">1.2.2 重新设计了分支预测器 </a></li>
<li><a href="#sec-1_2_3">1.2.3 新的AVX向量指令集。 </a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#sec-1_3">1.3 功耗方面 </a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#sec-1_3_1">1.3.1 下一代Turbo Boost技术 </a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#sec-2">2 分析 </a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div id="outline-container-1" class="outline-2">
<h2 id="sec-1"><span class="section-number-2">1</span> Sandy Bridge的新特性<sup><a class="footref" name="fnr.1" href="#fn.1">1</a></sup></h2>
<div id="text-1" class="outline-text-2">
<p>如下图所示，为Intel Sandy Bridge的版图概览，从中可以看到Sandy Bridge的新特性，下面简单归类，一一道来。</p>
<div id="attachment_11532" class="wp-caption alignnone" style="width: 810px"><a rel="attachment wp-att-11532" href="http://www.lingcc.com/2011/01/25/11531/sandy-bridge/"><img class="size-full wp-image-11532" title="sandy-bridge" src="http://www.lingcc.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/sandy-bridge.jpg" alt="" width="800" height="566" /></a><p class="wp-caption-text">Sandy Bridge新特性</p></div>
</div>
<div id="outline-container-1_1" class="outline-3">
<h3 id="sec-1_1"><span class="section-number-3">1.1</span> CPU功能集成方面</h3>
<div id="text-1_1" class="outline-text-3">
<p>CPU芯片集成北桥功能。北桥的功能主要有：主存控制器、图像控制器和PCI Express控制器。重新设计了DDR3双通道内存控制器，支持DDR3-1333</p>
</div>
<div id="outline-container-1_1_1" class="outline-4">
<h4 id="sec-1_1_1"><span class="section-number-4">1.1.1</span> 集成图形处理单元</h4>
<div id="text-1_1_1" class="outline-text-4">
<p>也就是一个芯片里，除了控制功能复杂的核，还继承了控制功能简单，计算功能强大的GPU。上图 的“Display”和”Graphics”就是。基本上一个处理2D、一个处理3D.比较牛的一点是，它们和CPU核心共享最后一级cache。这样编程使用GPU的时候，就不用向CUDA那样把数据搬来搬去了。而且cache命中的话，直接不用访存。只是还不能把图形处理单元做的很强。</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="outline-container-1_1_2" class="outline-4">
<h4 id="sec-1_1_2"><span class="section-number-4">1.1.2</span> 采用 环总线结构<sup><a class="footref" name="fnr.2" href="#fn.2">2</a></sup></h4>
<div id="text-1_1_2" class="outline-text-4">
<p>说白了，用环实现CPU内部部件间通信。使用环通信的是CPU的每个core，最后一级cache，集成内存控制器、PCI Express控制器、图形控制器等。上图给出了环总线的连接和通信方式。值得注意的是虽然最后一级cache有四个，但这四个cache和四个core并不是一一对应的，而是多对多的关系。<br />
整个环通信的内容有：</p>
<ul>
<li> 数据</li>
<li> 请求</li>
<li> 答复</li>
<li> 探听<br />
有了这四个动作，这些部件之间的通信过程也就不言而喻了。</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div id="outline-container-1_2" class="outline-3">
<h3 id="sec-1_2"><span class="section-number-3">1.2</span> 性能方面</h3>
<p>性能方面主要针对每个单核而做。如图，为Sandy Bridge的单核结构。其中黄色部分是改进部分。</p>
<div id="attachment_11533" class="wp-caption alignnone" style="width: 810px"><a rel="attachment wp-att-11533" href="http://www.lingcc.com/2011/01/25/11531/sandy-bridge-micro/"><img class="size-full wp-image-11533" title="sandy-bridge-micro" src="http://www.lingcc.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/sandy-bridge-micro.jpe" alt="" width="800" height="549" /></a><p class="wp-caption-text">Sandy Bridge 单核结构</p></div>
<div id="outline-container-1_2_1" class="outline-4">
<h4 id="sec-1_2_1"><span class="section-number-4">1.2.1</span> 新增微操作解码Cache</h4>
<div id="text-1_2_1" class="outline-text-4">
<p>增加一个新的微操作(Uop)解码cache.我们知道X86指令先会被分解成微操作，微操作再作指令解码。有cache后，若cache命中，就能减少指令解码代价，提升指令带宽，降低延时。但目前这个cache的替换策略很低级，尽管如此，还是有80%的命中率。这样在进入循环之类的操作后，就可以直接命中cache，这样就可以让L1 cache和指令解码器少干点活。此处不解，现在的处理器都有指令流水线，若使用cache减小了解码时间，而其他时间还是不变的话，唯一带来的好处是少点解码动作，降低功耗？</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="outline-container-1_2_2" class="outline-4">
<h4 id="sec-1_2_2"><span class="section-number-4">1.2.2</span> 重新设计了分支预测器</h4>
<div id="text-1_2_2" class="outline-text-4">
<p>CPU中，有指令分支预测技术，通过预测即将解码的分支指令的真假，从而提前作动作，得到相关操作数。</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="outline-container-1_2_3" class="outline-4">
<h4 id="sec-1_2_3"><span class="section-number-4">1.2.3</span> 新的AVX向量指令集。</h4>
<div id="text-1_2_3" class="outline-text-4">
<p>这套向量指令集在原MMX、SSE、SSE2的基础上，增加了对256位单精度、双精度浮点 和 AES加密指令支持，共12条新指令，其他不变。。256位的向量数据要想在寄存器、运算功能部件之间来去自如，各个环节都要做些调整</p>
<ul>
<li id="sec-1_2_3_1">运算部件更新新增了几个针对AVX向量指令的浮点运算部件。指令调度器调度使用这些运算部件。因为AVX指令的操作数为256位，而这些运算部件只有128位宽，所以在执行AVX指令时，会将一个调度端口内，两个运算部件合并完成运算。如下图所示：
<div id="attachment_11534" class="wp-caption alignnone" style="width: 810px"><a rel="attachment wp-att-11534" href="http://www.lingcc.com/2011/01/25/11531/sandy-bridge2/"><img class="size-full wp-image-11534" title="sandy-bridge2" src="http://www.lingcc.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/sandy-bridge2.jpe" alt="" width="800" height="595" /></a><p class="wp-caption-text">AVX运算部件融合</p></div>
<p>为了尽可能不搬移数据，Sandy Bridge还修改了运算结果数传递机制。直接给出一个已得结果数列表，而不是直接存回re-order buffer。</p>
<p>虽然新增的浮点指令不多，但Sandy Bridge这一系列调整，为更多的向量支持打好了基础。更多的指令，只是时间问题。关于AVX的更多东西，可以参考这个网站<sup><a class="footref" name="fnr.3" href="#fn.3">3</a></sup></li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li id="sec-1_2_3_2">访存部件原来Intel CPU有三个访存通道，分别完成：取数据、存数据和存地址操作。现在取数据和存地址两个通道既可以取数据也可以存地址。这样取数速度更快，更主要的是AVX的数据宽256位，访存宽128，这样原来需要两拍才能完成的访存操作，现在用两个访存通道，一拍就能搞定。</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div id="outline-container-1_3" class="outline-3">
<h3 id="sec-1_3"><span class="section-number-3">1.3</span> 功耗方面</h3>
<div id="outline-container-1_3_1" class="outline-4">
<h4 id="sec-1_3_1"><span class="section-number-4">1.3.1</span> 下一代Turbo Boost技术</h4>
<div id="text-1_3_1" class="outline-text-4">
<p>说白了，就是自动超频。换个角度就是Intel为了避免出错，把频率预设低点，卖的便宜的不让超频，稍微贵点的，可以超频。这个超频过程是自动的，量温度，温度不高，就多超点，温度高了，就不超。所谓下一代，就是几个core，以及图形控制器分别控制各自的频率和电压。</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div id="outline-container-2" class="outline-2">
<h2 id="sec-2"><span class="section-number-2">2</span> 分析</h2>
<div id="text-2" class="outline-text-2">
<p>Intel基本已经形成了两年一次微架构更新，两年一次生产工艺更新的发展趋势。这次Sandy Bridge的微结构更新确，在功能、性能和功耗上都带来不少变化。整个计算机系统都是建立在CPU基础上，CPU大的技术升级，需要很长一段时间才能被上层软件消化吸收。<br />
从编译器和操作系统的角度，可能有如下机会：</p>
<ul>
<li> 取数据和存地址通道复用，意味着需要调整机器模型，如何作指令排序</li>
<li> AVX 256浮点向量运算指令也需要合并两个运算通道，这也需要指令排序调整</li>
<li> 微操作cache会给编译器带来什么影响，指令cache的缺失会变化吗？</li>
<li> 集成的图形处理单元，需要怎样的编程环境支持。编译器如何调整指令的生成，计算的调度。或者操作系统来做。</li>
<li> 功耗方面，可以加入软件预测吗？</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div id="footnotes">
<h2 class="footnotes">Footnotes:</h2>
<div id="text-footnotes">
<p class="footnote"><sup><a class="footnum" name="fn.1" href="#fnr.1">1</a></sup> <a href="http://www.hardwaresecrets.com/article/Inside-the-Intel-Sandy-Bridge-Microarchitecture/1161/1">http://www.hardwaresecrets.com/article/Inside-the-Intel-Sandy-Bridge-Microarchitecture/1161/1</a></p>
<p class="footnote"><sup><a class="footnum" name="fn.2" href="#fnr.2">2</a></sup> <a href="http://www.anandtech.com/show/3922/intels-sandy-bridge-architecture-exposed/4">http://www.anandtech.com/show/3922/intels-sandy-bridge-architecture-exposed/4</a></p>
<p class="footnote"><sup><a class="footnum" name="fn.3" href="#fnr.3">3</a></sup> <a href="http://software.intel.com/en-us/avx/">http://software.intel.com/en-us/avx/</a></p>
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		</item>
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		<title>Chicago的编译器职位</title>
		<link>http://www.lingcc.com/2011/01/22/11526/</link>
		<comments>http://www.lingcc.com/2011/01/22/11526/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sat, 22 Jan 2011 06:54:54 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>erlv</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[IT职业和生活]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[编译器相关招聘信息]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[中端]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[前端]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[后端]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[招聘信息]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[编译器开发]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[编译器架构]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.lingcc.com/?p=11526</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[注：看起来，像是在做新语言和编程工具来发，尤其是偏重函数式语言、数据流语言。貌似作SQL语言相关的优化。作者在邮件中划分了编译器的功能分布，如下粗体部分标注。后端负责指令调度和寄存器分配；中端负责访存布局、粗粒度并行；前端负责语言识别和转换。函数式语言、数据流语言在中端和前端的戏份比较大。 A premiere Proprietary Trading Firm in Chicago, IL is looking for a Compiler Developer to join their team.  After reading the job description, if you are interested in this great opportunity, email me your updated word resume to mdecker@lucasgroup.com and call me at 713-470-5790 to discuss this position further. Compiler Developer In this role, <a href='http://www.lingcc.com/2011/01/22/11526/'>[...]</a><table class="wumii-related-items" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" border="0" width="100%" style="clear: both;">
    
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			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div>注：看起来，像是在做新语言和编程工具来发，尤其是偏重函数式语言、数据流语言。貌似作SQL语言相关的优化。作者在邮件中划分了编译器的功能分布，如下粗体部分标注。后端负责指令调度和寄存器分配；中端负责访存布局、粗粒度并行；前端负责语言识别和转换。函数式语言、数据流语言在中端和前端的戏份比较大。</div>
<div>
<p><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">A premiere  Proprietary Trading Firm in Chicago, IL is looking for a Compiler Developer to  join their team.  After reading the job description, if you are interested  in this great opportunity, email me your updated word resume to <a href="mailto:mdecker@lucasgroup.com" target="_blank">mdecker@lucasgroup.com</a> and call me  at 713-470-5790 to discuss this position further.<span id="more-11526"></span></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<div>
<p><strong><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Compiler Developer</span></strong></p>
<p><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"> </span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">In this role, you will be responsible for working closely with  traders and quantitative researchers to develop a domain specific language for  trading applications as well as to optimize the processing of extremely large  datasets.</span></p>
<p><strong><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Requires:</span></strong></p>
<p><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">•    Advanced degree in Computer Science,  Mathematics, Logic or similar.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">•    Strong experience with compiler  development and research.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">•    Strong experience with compiler theory –  demonstrated flexibility and not tied to one framework.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">•    Experience with LLVM, gnu and other  compiler frameworks.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">•    Experience building compilers for  functional, logical or dataflow languages is desired.</span></p>
<p><strong><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">More Information to determine if you have the specific  experience necessary to have success in this position:</span></strong></p>
<p><span style="color: #000000;"> <strong>In general, compiler optimizations can be divided  into low-level, mid-level, and high-level. Low-level is stuff close to the  hardware like instructions scheduling, register allocation, etc. Mid level  includes stuff like memory layout and coarse-grain parallelism. High-level is  things like translating constructs in your language to other constructs still in  your language but have better performance characteristics. </strong></span></p>
<p><span style="color: #000000;"> </span></p>
<div><span style="color: #000000;"><strong>The preferred skill set would be someone in  the mid-level and high-level optimizations than low-level since our  client uses an open-source framework which provides much of the low-level  passes. Logical, functional, data-flow, and declarative languages tend to  do a lot more on the high-level side, which is one of the reasons why our client  is interested in those people. Work that is done on SQL-query plan  optimization usually falls into the high-level category as well. </strong></span></div>
<div><span style="color: #000000;">信息来源：</span></div>
<div><span style="color: #ff0000;"><span style="color: #000000;">LLVM maillist</span></span><strong><span style="color: #ff0000;"><br />
</span></strong></div>
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		</item>
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		<title>Open64中的自动向量化支持</title>
		<link>http://www.lingcc.com/2010/07/12/11066/</link>
		<comments>http://www.lingcc.com/2010/07/12/11066/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Mon, 12 Jul 2010 06:05:07 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>erlv</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[open64]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[编译技术]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Open64]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[SIMD]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[后端]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[编译器]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[自动向量化]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.lingcc.com/?p=11066</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Open64中的自动向量化通过选项-LNO:simd=(0&#124;1&#124;2)控制。该选项告诉编译器使用后端支持的SIMD指令来向量化循环。向量化的支持分成3个级别: 级别0时编译器不进行向量化； 级别1时，编译器仅在没有因使用非最佳对齐策略导致性能下降，而且不会出现浮点运算不精确的情况下做向量化； 级别2时，编译器会做最激进的向量化。默认的选项是-LNO:simd=1 Open64与自动向量化有关的代码都在 osprey/be/lno/simd.cxx 文件中。Open64的自动向量化目前仅支持X86_64后端。函数void Simd_Phase(WN* func_nd)是自动向量化阶段的入口函数。接着调用函数static void Simd_Walk(WN* wn) 递归地遍历每个PU中的Whirl Node，检查是否满足自动向量化的条件。Open64的自动向量化机制较简单，目前只对没有别名引用的、循环中没有函数调用和Goto语句的最内层循环做向量化。 Open64自动向量化的过程在函数static INT Simd(WN* innerloop)中实现。若成功向量化，则返回1。对于其他后端以及不能成功向量化的返回0。在这个函数中还会对满足前面条件的内层循环继续分析排除不能向量化的循环。首先调用函数static BOOL Simd_Pre_Analysis(WN *innerloop, char *verbose_msg)排除迭代次数太少、迭代变量在循环结束后仍活跃、循环边界过于复杂的循环。再使用函数static BOOL Simd_Analysis(WN *innerloop, char *verbose_msg)排除循环内操作不能向量化、变量形式过于复杂、存在变量依赖环等其他不满足向量化条件的循环。在上述分析的过程中，也在收集能满足向量化条件的语句和循环的信息。 自动向量化的过程分为两个模块：分析并维护数组的对齐 和向量化。分析和维护数组对齐即在编译时，检测数组的对齐信息并对不对齐的部分做出调整。向量化模块则是将循环中的常量和不变量转换为向量类型，再将循环展开，进而将展开后的语句拼接成向量化的Whirl node. 相关文章： Expected unqualified-id before﻿ 查错 Open64课程-循环嵌套优化(LNO) Open64课程-简介，概述和中间表示 Open64课程-编译过程 Open64课程&#8211;付诸实践(Practical Matters) 前瞻-全时优化和LLVM-1<table class="wumii-related-items" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" border="0" width="100%" style="clear: both;">
    
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			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Open64中的自动向量化通过选项-LNO:simd=(0|1|2)控制。该选项告诉编译器使用后端支持的SIMD指令来向量化循环。向量化的支持分成3个级别:</p>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">级别0时编译器不进行向量化；</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">级别1时，编译器仅在没有因使用非最佳对齐策略导致性能下降，而且不会出现浮点运算不精确的情况下做向量化；</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">级别2时，编译器会做最激进的向量化。默认的选项是-LNO:simd=1</span></li>
</ul>
<p><span id="more-11066"></span>Open64与自动向量化有关的代码都在 osprey/be/lno/simd.cxx 文件中。Open64的自动向量化目前仅支持X86_64后端。函数void Simd_Phase(WN* func_nd)是自动向量化阶段的入口函数。接着调用函数static void Simd_Walk(WN* wn) 递归地遍历每个PU中的Whirl Node，检查是否满足自动向量化的条件。Open64的自动向量化机制较简单，目前只对没有别名引用的、循环中没有函数调用和Goto语句的最内层循环做向量化。</p>
<p>Open64自动向量化的过程在函数static INT Simd(WN* innerloop)中实现。若成功向量化，则返回1。对于其他后端以及不能成功向量化的返回0。在这个函数中还会对满足前面条件的内层循环继续分析排除不能向量化的循环。首先调用函数static BOOL Simd_Pre_Analysis(WN *innerloop, char *verbose_msg)排除迭代次数太少、迭代变量在循环结束后仍活跃、循环边界过于复杂的循环。再使用函数static BOOL Simd_Analysis(WN *innerloop, char *verbose_msg)排除循环内操作不能向量化、变量形式过于复杂、存在变量依赖环等其他不满足向量化条件的循环。在上述分析的过程中，也在收集能满足向量化条件的语句和循环的信息。</p>
<p>自动向量化的过程分为两个模块：分析并维护数组的对齐 和向量化。分析和维护数组对齐即在编译时，检测数组的对齐信息并对不对齐的部分做出调整。向量化模块则是将循环中的常量和不变量转换为向量类型，再将循环展开，进而将展开后的语句拼接成向量化的Whirl node.</p>
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		</item>
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		<title>前瞻-LLVM大事记(2004-2010)</title>
		<link>http://www.lingcc.com/2010/04/30/10822/</link>
		<comments>http://www.lingcc.com/2010/04/30/10822/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Fri, 30 Apr 2010 12:04:03 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>erlv</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[LLVM]]></category>
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		<category><![CDATA[过程间分析和优化 Inter procedural Analysis]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[因为之前的两篇博文前瞻-全时优化和LLVM-1和前瞻-全时优化和LLVM-2都是基于Chris Lattner 2004年发表在CGO的文章写的。所以需要介绍一下LLVM从2004到2010这六年的变化，LLVM的开发社区很活跃。 从2004年三月到2010年4月，LLVM共发布了1.2-1.9，2.0-2.7，16个版本，至少每年发布两个版本。详细的历史发布版本和release都能从这里找到。 1.2增加了调试信息支持， 1.3增加精确垃圾收集功能， 1.4增加PowerPC JIT支持，增加通用的编译驱动器和连接器； 1.5增加针对Alpha,IA-64和SPARC-V8的代码生成器，新的指令选择机制； 1.6指令选择能从机器模型中生成，指令调度支持，支持子目标机代码生成器； 1.7向量支持，新的GCC4.0 C/C++前端，Objective C/C++支持，汇编内联支持； 1.8DWARF调试支持,循环优化改进； 1.9新的X86-64后端，连接时优化能和本机连接器交互； 2.0中间表示更新(整型完全无符号化，任意长度位的整型支持),代码生成器更新(软浮点支持),X86,ARM,PowerPC代码生成改进； 2.1.gcc-4.2前端，Fortran，Ada和OpenMP支持，MIPS后端支持； 2.2 Clang启动，CellSPU后端支持，精确垃圾收集代码重构； 2.3, 不再支持gcc4.0前端，vmkit启动(用LLVM实现JVM和CLI)，多返回值支持，llvmc重构，连接时优化起结构重写 2.4，增加优化，并缩短O0编译时间，PIC16微处理器支持 2.5，启动Pure,LLVM D Compiler,Roadsend PHP;XCore后端支持 2.6，启动compiler-rt,KLEE,machine code toolkit,开优化时调试信息行号支持，新MSP430，SystemZ和Blackin后端支持，Gold连接器插件支持 2.7，启动LLVM新logo，MicroBlaze后端支持。 以上就是从04年到10年LLVM每次发行新版本中给出的最要新特性.可以看出，几乎和普通的编译器没有什么两样。所做的无非在增加新前端，编译更多的语言，支持新后端，可以在更多的处理器上运行。增加中间优化，调bug。 LLVM近几年的发展路线已经越来越像一个标准的，前端+后端+优化的编译器。运行时的优化也大部分集中在JIT上，反馈制导优化也没有涉及。 Chris Lattener最近几年发表的文章： “Making Context-sensitive Points-to Analysis with Heap Cloning Practical For The Real World” PLDI 2007, San Diego, CA, June 2007。 “Macroscopic Data <a href='http://www.lingcc.com/2010/04/30/10822/'>[...]</a><table class="wumii-related-items" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" border="0" width="100%" style="clear: both;">
    
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			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>因为之前的两篇博文<a title="Permanent Link: 前瞻-全时优化和LLVM-1" rel="bookmark" href="http://www.lingcc.com/2010/04/07/10721/">前瞻-全时优化和LLVM-1<abbr title="YARPP  中的 5.867000 是指当前文章和关联文章之间的匹配程度。当您以管理员的身份登录时才能查阅，游客等其他权限是不能查阅的。"></abbr></a>和<a href="http://www.lingcc.com/2010/04/29/10728/" target="_blank">前瞻-全时优化和LLVM-2</a>都是基于Chris Lattner 2004年发表在CGO的文章写的。所以需要介绍一下LLVM从2004到2010这六年的变化，LLVM的开发社区很活跃。</p>
<p>从2004年三月到2010年4月，LLVM共发布了1.2-1.9，2.0-2.7，16个版本，至少每年发布两个版本。详细的历史发布版本和release都能从<a href="http://llvm.org/releases/" target="_blank">这里</a>找到。</p>
<p><span id="more-10822"></span></p>
<ul>
<li>1.2增加了调试信息支持，</li>
<li>1.3增加精确垃圾收集功能，</li>
<li>1.4增加PowerPC JIT支持，增加通用的编译驱动器和连接器；</li>
<li>1.5增加针对Alpha,IA-64和SPARC-V8的代码生成器，新的指令选择机制；</li>
<li>1.6指令选择能从机器模型中生成，指令调度支持，支持子目标机代码生成器；</li>
<li>1.7向量支持，新的GCC4.0 C/C++前端，Objective C/C++支持，汇编内联支持；</li>
<li>1.8DWARF调试支持,循环优化改进；</li>
<li>1.9新的X86-64后端，连接时优化能和本机连接器交互；</li>
<li>2.0中间表示更新(整型完全无符号化，任意长度位的整型支持),代码生成器更新(软浮点支持),X86,ARM,PowerPC代码生成改进；</li>
<li>2.1.gcc-4.2前端，Fortran，Ada和OpenMP支持，MIPS后端支持；</li>
<li>2.2 Clang启动，CellSPU后端支持，精确垃圾收集代码重构；</li>
<li>2.3, 不再支持gcc4.0前端，vmkit启动(用LLVM实现JVM和CLI)，多返回值支持，llvmc重构，连接时优化起结构重写</li>
<li>2.4，增加优化，并缩短O0编译时间，PIC16微处理器支持</li>
<li>2.5，启动Pure,LLVM D Compiler,Roadsend PHP;XCore后端支持</li>
<li>2.6，启动compiler-rt,KLEE,machine code toolkit,开优化时调试信息行号支持，新MSP430，SystemZ和Blackin后端支持，Gold连接器插件支持</li>
<li>2.7，启动LLVM新logo，MicroBlaze后端支持。</li>
</ul>
<p>以上就是从04年到10年LLVM每次发行新版本中给出的最要新特性.可以看出，几乎和普通的编译器没有什么两样。所做的无非在增加新前端，编译更多的语言，支持新后端，可以在更多的处理器上运行。增加中间优化，调bug。</p>
<p>LLVM近几年的发展路线已经越来越像一个标准的，前端+后端+优化的编译器。运行时的优化也大部分集中在JIT上，反馈制导优化也没有涉及。</p>
<p>Chris Lattener最近几年发表的文章：</p>
<ol>
<li>“<strong><a href="http://llvm.org/pubs/2007-06-10-PLDI-DSA.html">Making  Context-sensitive  Points-to Analysis with Heap Cloning Practical For The Real World</a></strong>”<br />
<a href="http://ties.ucsd.edu/PLDI/">PLDI 2007</a>, San Diego, CA, June  2007。</li>
<li>“<a href="http://llvm.org/pubs/2005-05-04-LattnerPHDThesis.html"><strong>Macroscopic  Data Structure Analysis and Optimization</strong></a>”<br />
<em>Ph.D. Thesis</em>, <a href="http://www.cs.uiuc.edu/">Computer Science  Dept.</a>, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, May 2005.</li>
<li>“<a href="http://llvm.org/pubs/2005-05-21-PLDI-PoolAlloc.html"><strong>Automatic  Pool  Allocation: Improving Performance by Controlling Data  Structure Layout in the Heap</strong></a>”<br />
<a href="http://research.ihost.com/pldi2005/">PLDI 2005</a>, Chicago, IL, June 2005.<br />
<strong>PLDI&#8217;05 Best paper award.</strong></li>
<li>“<a href="http://llvm.org/pubs/2005-06-12-MSP-PointerComp.html"><strong>Transparent   Pointer Compression for Linked Data Structures</strong></a>”<br />
MSP  2005,  Chicago, IL, June 2005.</li>
</ol>
<p>基本也没有太多触及LLVM整体架构的。</p>
<p>另外，Chris Lattener在近几年的几个邀请报告上也简明扼要的讲解了LLVM的架构。</p>
<ol>
<li>“<a href="http://llvm.org/devmtg/2009-10/">State of Clang</a>”  (shared     talk) and several other pieces of the meeting, such as the  introduction,      open discussion forum, etc.<br />
<em>LLVM Developer Meeting</em>, Cupertino, CA, Oct 2009.</li>
<li>“<a href="http://llvm.org/pubs/2008-10-04-ACAT-LLVM-Intro.html">Introduction  	to the LLVM Compiler System</a>”<br />
Plenary Talk, <em><a href="http://acat2008.cern.ch/">ACAT 2008</a>:  Advanced 	Computing and Analysis Techniques in Physics Research</em>, Erice, Sicily, Italy, November 2008.</li>
<li>“<a href="http://llvm.org/pubs/2008-05-17-BSDCan-LLVMIntro.html">LLVM  and 	Clang: Next Generation Compiler Technology</a>”<br />
<em><a href="http://www.bsdcan.org/2008/">BSDCan 2008</a></em>, Ottawa,  Canada, May 16-17, 2008.</li>
<li>“<a href="http://conferences.oreillynet.com/cs/os2007/view/e_sess/12824">The 		LLVM Compiler System</a>”<br />
<em>2007 O&#8217;Reilly Open Source Convention</em>, Portland, OR, July 2007.</li>
<li>“<a href="http://llvm.org/pubs/2007-07-25-LLVM-2.0-and-Beyond.html">LLVM  	2.0 and Beyond!</a>”<br />
<em>Google Tech Talk</em>, Mountain View, CA, July 25, 2007.</li>
<li>“<a href="http://llvm.org/devmtg/2007-05/">LLVM in OpenGL and for  Dynamic  	Languages</a>” (and several others)<br />
<em>LLVM Developer Meeting</em>, Cupertino, CA, May 2007.</li>
<li>“<a href="http://llvm.org/pubs/2007-03-12-BossaLLVMIntro.html">The  LLVM 	Compiler System</a>”<br />
<em>2007 Bossa Conference on Open Source, Mobile Internet and Multimedia</em>, 	Recife, Brazil, March 2007.</li>
<li>“<a href="http://llvm.org/pubs/2006-04-25-GelatoLLVMIntro.html">Introduction  	to the LLVM Compiler Infrastructure</a>”<br />
<em>2006 Itanium Conference and Expo</em>, San Jose, California, April  2006.</li>
</ol>
<p>对比一下Chris最近几年在不同的文献中，对LLVM的架构描述也是很有意思的。</p>
<div id="attachment_10826" class="wp-caption alignnone" style="width: 310px"><a href="http://www.lingcc.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/04/llvm-02.jpg"><img class="size-medium wp-image-10826" title="LLVM from Chris M.S. Thesis  2002" src="http://www.lingcc.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/04/llvm-02-300x66.jpg" alt="" width="300" height="66" /></a><p class="wp-caption-text">llvm-02 from Chris M.S. Thesis  2002</p></div>
<div id="attachment_10731" class="wp-caption alignnone" style="width: 310px"><a href="http://www.lingcc.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/04/llvm-arch1.jpg"><img class="size-medium wp-image-10731" title="llvm-arch" src="http://www.lingcc.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/04/llvm-arch1-300x65.jpg" alt="" width="300" height="65" /></a><p class="wp-caption-text">LLVM CGO2004</p></div>
<div id="attachment_10828" class="wp-caption alignnone" style="width: 310px"><a href="http://www.lingcc.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/04/llvm-06-1.jpg"><img class="size-medium wp-image-10828" title="llvm-06-1" src="http://www.lingcc.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/04/llvm-06-1-300x118.jpg" alt="" width="300" height="118" /></a><p class="wp-caption-text">LLVM 06 Link-Time Optimization</p></div>
<div id="attachment_10829" class="wp-caption alignnone" style="width: 310px"><a href="http://www.lingcc.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/04/llvm-06-2.jpg"><img class="size-medium wp-image-10829" title="llvm-06-2" src="http://www.lingcc.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/04/llvm-06-2-300x123.jpg" alt="" width="300" height="123" /></a><p class="wp-caption-text">LLVM 06 Code Generator</p></div>
<div id="attachment_10830" class="wp-caption alignnone" style="width: 310px"><a href="http://www.lingcc.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/04/llvm-08.jpg"><img class="size-medium wp-image-10830" title="llvm-08" src="http://www.lingcc.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/04/llvm-08-300x118.jpg" alt="" width="300" height="118" /></a><p class="wp-caption-text">LLVM 08</p></div>
<p>LLVM始终坚持的是LLVM代码在代码生成器，解释执行之间的透明性。重点突破的一直是过程间优化。但架构却基本上摒弃了全时优化，开始走经典的静态分析路线。和GCC、Open64相比，在目的上也没有差别了。<br />
LLVM的性能方面，相比于GCC还逊色不少，和Open64就更没法比了.很遗憾，我没有找到将这三个编译器作性能对比的文章.已有的Open64的数据都是非常老的，没什么可比性。而且编译优化这个东西，差距很大。关键是看有没有人做，投入多大经历做，太老的数据没有什么对比意义。</p>
<p>但LLVM和GCC最新版的对比有， LLVM2.7和GCC 4.5的性能对比(图来自<a href="http://vmakarov.fedorapeople.org/spec/" target="_blank">http://vmakarov.fedorapeople.org/spec/</a>）：</p>
<ul>
<li>SPEC 2000 整点(-O2)</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.lingcc.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/04/GLI2Score32.png"><img class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-10859" title="GLI2Score32" src="http://www.lingcc.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/04/GLI2Score32-300x154.png" alt="" width="300" height="154" /></a></p>
<ul>
<li>SPEC2000浮点(-O2）</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.lingcc.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/04/GLF2Score32.png"><img class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-10861" title="GLF2Score32" src="http://www.lingcc.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/04/GLF2Score32-300x154.png" alt="" width="300" height="154" /></a></p>
<ul>
<li>SPEC 2000 整点（-O3）</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.lingcc.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/04/GLI3Score32.png"><img class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-10860" title="GLI3Score32" src="http://www.lingcc.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/04/GLI3Score32-300x154.png" alt="" width="300" height="154" /></a></p>
<ul>
<li>SPEC 2000 浮点(-O3)</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.lingcc.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/04/GLF3Score32.png"><img class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-10862" title="GLF3Score32" src="http://www.lingcc.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/04/GLF3Score32-300x154.png" alt="" width="300" height="154" /></a></p>
<p>O2和O3优化下，GCC的性能平均都比LLVM 2.7要好大概2%-3%左右。浮点GCC的优势比整点要大.上面数据仅供参考：）</p>
<p>此外上面的网页中也对编译时间做了对比。LLVM比GCC要快30%左右。</p>
<p>以上数据测试平台：2.93Ghz Intel Core I7 with 8GB memory under Fedora Core10. X86 32位系统.</p>
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		<slash:comments>8</slash:comments>
		</item>
		<item>
		<title>关于《编译点滴》的定位和未来</title>
		<link>http://www.lingcc.com/2010/04/27/10782/</link>
		<comments>http://www.lingcc.com/2010/04/27/10782/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Tue, 27 Apr 2010 04:42:58 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>erlv</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[程序员生活]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[blog心得]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[gcc]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[LLVM]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[N64]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Open64]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[个人建站]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[后端]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[工具链]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[并行]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[并行计算]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[编译器]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.lingcc.com/?p=10782</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[独立博客该有点什么，该写点什么，在编译点滴建站接近半年的后，忽然间有点迷茫。编译点滴该放点什么东西，博客该记录点什么，什么是该记录的，什么不该记录。虽然概括之就是自己觉得好的都能往上放。 看看现在博客里的文档，太散太杂。虽然刚刚建博的时候，很是花了一些心思写文章，找主题。但到博客的界面主题倒是换了不少，但内容实在是有点对不起观众。高达70%的跳出率说明了一切：） 幸好无意中看到了一个博客，观摩了半天后，对《编译点滴》的未来有了些想法。顺便推荐这个博客《我爱自然语言处理》。作者很用心的写了很多和自然语言处理相关的文章。博客文章很系统，自成体系。 《编译点滴》以后将逐渐对内容分类做出调整。分类目录中，对科技-专业细分为： 1，编译理论实践和应用：包括前端，中端和后端的各种分析处理；介绍编译器，解释器实现技术等内容；介绍编译技术在其他领域内的应用。 2，编译前沿：介绍最新提出的一些编译技术，思想和方法。包括与此相关的语言扩展及分析处理。 3，Open64：介绍Open64编译器相关内容和最新进展. 4，LLVM：介绍LLVM编译器相关内容和最新进展。 5，GCC：介绍GCC编译器及GNU工具链相关内容 6，算法和计算理论：讨论算法，并行计算和其他计算理论相关内容及实践 7，程序开发相关：讨论日常工作中遇到的实际问题及解决方法和经验积累。 日后，编译点滴将添加更多和编译器构建，原理相关的内容，资料和实践。力图做成每个编译爱好者都想订阅的站点：） 任重道远！ 相关文章： 推荐文章(未完成) 前瞻-全时优化和LLVM-1 前瞻-LLVM大事记(2004-2010) GCC初窥 Open64课程&#8211;OpenMp和自动并行化 Open64课程-结语<table class="wumii-related-items" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" border="0" width="100%" style="clear: both;">
    
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<li><a href='http://www.lingcc.com/2009/12/29/10503/' rel='bookmark' title='GCC初窥'>GCC初窥</a></li>
<li><a href='http://www.lingcc.com/2009/12/25/10418/' rel='bookmark' title='Open64课程&#8211;OpenMp和自动并行化'>Open64课程&#8211;OpenMp和自动并行化</a></li>
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			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>独立博客该有点什么，该写点什么，在编译点滴建站接近半年的后，忽然间有点迷茫。编译点滴该放点什么东西，博客该记录点什么，什么是该记录的，什么不该记录。虽然概括之就是自己觉得好的都能往上放。<br />
看看现在博客里的文档，太散太杂。虽然刚刚建博的时候，很是花了一些心思写文章，找主题。但到博客的界面主题倒是换了不少，但内容实在是有点对不起观众。高达70%的跳出率说明了一切：）<br />
幸好无意中看到了一个博客，观摩了半天后，对《编译点滴》的未来有了些想法。顺便推荐这个博客<a href="http://www.52nlp.cn/">《我爱自然语言处理》</a>。作者很用心的写了很多和自然语言处理相关的文章。博客文章很系统，自成体系。<br />
<span id="more-10782"></span><br />
《编译点滴》以后将逐渐对内容分类做出调整。分类目录中，对科技-专业细分为：<br />
1，编译理论实践和应用：包括前端，中端和后端的各种分析处理；介绍编译器，解释器实现技术等内容；介绍编译技术在其他领域内的应用。<br />
2，编译前沿：介绍最新提出的一些编译技术，思想和方法。包括与此相关的语言扩展及分析处理。<br />
3，Open64：介绍Open64编译器相关内容和最新进展.<br />
4，LLVM：介绍LLVM编译器相关内容和最新进展。<br />
5，GCC：介绍GCC编译器及GNU工具链相关内容<br />
6，算法和计算理论：讨论算法，并行计算和其他计算理论相关内容及实践<br />
7，程序开发相关：讨论日常工作中遇到的实际问题及解决方法和经验积累。</p>
<p>日后，编译点滴将添加更多和编译器构建，原理相关的内容，资料和实践。力图做成每个编译爱好者都想订阅的站点：）<br />
任重道远！</p>
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		<slash:comments>5</slash:comments>
		</item>
		<item>
		<title>好大一筐梅普斯(MIPS)</title>
		<link>http://www.lingcc.com/2010/02/25/10698/</link>
		<comments>http://www.lingcc.com/2010/02/25/10698/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Thu, 25 Feb 2010 13:17:53 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>erlv</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[编译技术]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[CPU]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[MIPS]]></category>
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		<category><![CDATA[后端]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[性能]]></category>
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		<description><![CDATA[本博在实际工作中，经常被MIPS I，MIPS II，MIPS 32之类的名词搞混，特整理如下。 MIPS 最初是Microprocessor without Interlocked Pipeline Stages的简称，最早由MIPS公司开发的精简指令集组成，最早是32位，之后时64位。该指令集有很多版本,包括MIPS I,MIPS II ,MIPS III, MIPS IV, MIPS V ,MIPS32和MIPS64.当前主要有MIPS32和MIPS64，这两个指令集定义了一个控制寄存器和指令集。 大学里多使用MIPS结构教学，Alpha就深受MIPS 精简指令集的影响。目前的MIPS之用用在很多嵌入式系统中如Windows CE设备，路由器，网关和游戏机(PS,PSP). MIPS结构最早由斯坦福大学的John L. Hennessy(量化研究的作者)领导设计,初衷是充分利用指令流水线。除了采用流水线，以及充分利用流水线外，MIPS还引入了寄存器窗口技术(register windows),通过这种窗口，被调用函数能申请自己的寄存器集，再利用精确的编译器计算，就能找到空闲寄存器，不必依赖硬件实现。这种方式能提升性能。 目前的MIPS 32基于MIPS II并吸收了MIPS III, MIPS IV和MIPS V的特性，MIPS64则是基于MIPS V。MIPS V主要是用来提升3D图形应用的性能。 龙芯2E/F兼容 64位MIPS III指令系统，四发射。龙芯3号则是直接MIPS 64，也就是说增加3D加速。 参考： http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIPS_architecture http://www.tektalk.org/2009/06/24/%E9%BE%99%E8%8A%AFcpu%EF%BC%8813%EF%BC%89%E2%80%93%E9%BE%99%E8%8A%AF%E8%8E%B7mips%E6%AD%A3%E5%BC%8F%E6%8E%88%E6%9D%83/ 相关文章： 反汇编器和汇编器 小例子&#8211;回眸一笑百媚生 GCC初窥 zzzz龙芯之火，可以燎原（下） 并行计算前景-摘要 前瞻-拿起SIMD的武器II<table class="wumii-related-items" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" border="0" width="100%" style="clear: both;">
    
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			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>本博在实际工作中，经常被MIPS I，MIPS II，MIPS 32之类的名词搞混，特整理如下。</p>
<p>MIPS 最初是Microprocessor without Interlocked Pipeline Stages的简称，最早由MIPS公司开发的精简指令集组成，最早是32位，之后时64位。该指令集有很多版本,包括MIPS I,MIPS II ,MIPS III, MIPS IV, MIPS V ,MIPS32和MIPS64.当前主要有MIPS32和MIPS64，这两个指令集定义了一个控制寄存器和指令集。</p>
<p>大学里多使用MIPS结构教学，Alpha就深受MIPS 精简指令集的影响。目前的MIPS之用用在很多嵌入式系统中如Windows CE设备，路由器，网关和游戏机(PS,PSP).</p>
<p>MIPS结构最早由斯坦福大学的John L. Hennessy(量化研究的作者)领导设计,初衷是充分利用指令流水线。除了采用流水线，以及充分利用流水线外，MIPS还引入了寄存器窗口技术(register windows),通过这种窗口，被调用函数能申请自己的寄存器集，再利用精确的编译器计算，就能找到空闲寄存器，不必依赖硬件实现。这种方式能提升性能。</p>
<p>目前的MIPS 32基于MIPS II并吸收了MIPS III, MIPS IV和MIPS V的特性，MIPS64则是基于MIPS V。MIPS V主要是用来提升3D图形应用的性能。</p>
<p>龙芯2E/F兼容 64位MIPS III指令系统，四发射。龙芯3号则是直接MIPS 64，也就是说增加3D加速。</p>
<p>参考：</p>
<p>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIPS_architecture</p>
<p>http://www.tektalk.org/2009/06/24/%E9%BE%99%E8%8A%AFcpu%EF%BC%8813%EF%BC%89%E2%80%93%E9%BE%99%E8%8A%AF%E8%8E%B7mips%E6%AD%A3%E5%BC%8F%E6%8E%88%E6%9D%83/</p>
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		<title>反汇编器和汇编器</title>
		<link>http://www.lingcc.com/2010/01/09/10623/</link>
		<comments>http://www.lingcc.com/2010/01/09/10623/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sat, 09 Jan 2010 00:30:48 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>erlv</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[GCC]]></category>
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		<category><![CDATA[编译理论实践和应用]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Assembler 汇编器]]></category>
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		<category><![CDATA[disassemble 反汇编器]]></category>
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			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>反汇编器和汇编器是两个互逆的过程，后者将汇编源文件转换为机器码，前者将机器码转换成汇编语言。</p>
<p>汇编器通过将汇编指令符号转换为opcode和解析符号名为存储位置的形式创建目标代码，该目标代码就是机器码.其中符号解析是汇编器的关键部分.很多汇编器还提供宏支持来方便文本替换.相对于高层语言的编译器,汇编器简单很多.最早的汇编器出现在20世纪50年代,很多现代汇编其器都支持指令调度优化.Linux下使用最频繁的汇编器是gas,Gnu Assembler,因为它是GCC的默认后端，是Binutils的一部分。</p>
<p>反汇编器的输出通常是可读的汇编码格式，因此它时反向工程的重要工具。通常汇编语言允许常数和注释，但是在生成机器码时这些信息通常被删除，所以，在机器码上的反汇编操作只能产生无常数和注释的汇编码，所以程序员很难读懂，也很难转换为原来的高级代码。现在也有些编译器通过使用符号调试信息和交互式允许用户为特定区域的代码和值使用符号代替的方式来增强可读性。现在常见的反汇编器有：各种调试器都包含反汇编器，如GNU Binutils中的objdump就是gdb的交互式反汇编器，其他的还有PVDasm，一个支持多CPU反汇编器，OllyDbg&#8211;32位汇编级分析调试器，ILDASM&#8211;.NET Framework SDK中，用来反汇编PE文件等等</p>
<p><a href=" http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assembly_language#Assembler">参考：</p>
<p>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assembly_language#Assembler</a></p>
<p><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_Assembler">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_Assembler</a><br />
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disassembler">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disassembler</a></p>
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		</item>
		<item>
		<title>你好，2010</title>
		<link>http://www.lingcc.com/2010/01/01/10560/</link>
		<comments>http://www.lingcc.com/2010/01/01/10560/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 14:03:20 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>erlv</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[程序员生活]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[blog心得]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[IT生活]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[后端]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[编译器]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.lingcc.com/?p=10560</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[我的2010年目标，2009年已经过去了。2010年就从今天开始，满怀激情，从今天开始！<table class="wumii-related-items" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" border="0" width="100%" style="clear: both;">
    
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			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>今天特别喜欢看各个地方的日期显示，全都是2010年1月1日，心里默默的告诉自己新的一年新的开始，一年发生很多事，一年能让人有很多成长，一年也会有很多惊喜收获。09年就这样过去了，这过去的一年里，出现了很多的意外和惊喜，也有不顺和波折。好歹新的一年来了，停止感慨和抱怨，满怀信心和激情，对新到来的2010说句，你好。对于2009说句，再见，我会想你的，你已经过去。</p>
<p>2010,在这个年初，写下这篇日志，是为了给自己定个一年计划，希望等到一年之后能回头再来看看这些日志，到时候，就有资格总结了。</p>
<ul>
<li>第一个目标，和女友旅游一趟，不能太近，要到一个有山有水，风景迷人的地方，初定西南一带，最好是西藏，成都；新疆陕西次之。还没确定下来，得看自己能攒多少钱:)</li>
<li>第二个目标，就是工作，在新的一年里要完成硕士论文相关工作的实践部分，发表第一篇论文，如果能争取发英文就更好了。但至少也要是中文的一类期刊。</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li>第三个目标，还是工作，希望自己能在新的一年里，按时保质保量的完成任务，这个任<span id="more-10560"></span>务是来自很多方面的，不管是老师的项目安排还是实验室其他同事或同学的托付。 绝不抱怨，推托和借口，要勇敢承担，努力去作。</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li>第四个目标，学习，主要是完成编译器实践和提高编程能力,完成一个前端，以及完成后端的讨论班课程实践。一年要坚持读20篇以上高质量的论文，并将论文总结写成博文。</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li>第五个目标，锻炼身体，2009年最大的失败就是把身体搞的很虚弱，没有锻炼，虽然很久没感冒什么的，但是老是感觉身体快要生病，浑身乏力。所以2010年要健身。每天要坚持早睡早起。</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li>第六个目标，让自己心智更成熟一些，努力去理解身边每个人。作为一个程序员加科技工作者，一直都要一个人做事。养成了很多坏毛病，太独立太自私太自负。2010我要成熟些，稳重些，自信些。</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li> 第七个目标，读几本好书，发人深省的那种。要有历史，有计算机相关，有心理学。对每一本书都要写博总结。</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li> 第八个目标，坚持写博，坚持原创，坚持高质量，包括自己工作的记录，阅读论文的记录和自己读书的心得，努力消除博客中的每个错别字！</li>
</ul>
<p>看来自己还是有点贪心，立目标的时候，总喜欢把自己所有的目标都一股脑的放上去，但一年的时间，我相信我能作很多。立此为据，告之天下。</p>
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